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04/04/08 22:04:40 (8 months ago)
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miyoshi
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Sync up with Emacs22.2.

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  • trunk/man/emacs.texi

    r4213 r4220  
    66@c The edition number appears in several places in this file 
    77@set EDITION   Sixteenth 
    8 @set EMACSVER  22.1 
     8@set EMACSVER  22.2 
    99 
    1010@copying 
    …… 
    1313 
    1414Copyright @copyright{} 1985, 1986, 1987, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 
    15 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Free Software 
    16 Foundation, Inc. 
     151998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008 
     16Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
    1717 
    1818@quotation 
    …… 
    2626License.'' 
    2727 
    28 (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You have freedom to copy and modify 
    29 this GNU Manual, like GNU software.  Copies published by the Free 
    30 Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development.'' 
     28(a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: ``You are free to copy and modify 
     29this GNU Manual. Buying copies from GNU Press supports the FSF in 
     30developing GNU and promoting software freedom.'' 
    3131@end quotation 
    3232@end copying 
    …… 
    3838 
    3939@c in general, keep the following line commented out, unless doing a 
    40 @c copy of this manual that will be published.  the manual should go 
     40@c copy of this manual that will be published.  The manual should go 
    4141@c onto the distribution in the full, 8.5 x 11" size. 
    4242@c set smallbook 
    …… 
    140140* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation. 
    141141* Intro::               An introduction to Emacs concepts. 
    142 * Glossary::            The glossary. 
     142* Glossary::            Terms used in this manual. 
    143143* Antinews::            Information about Emacs version 21. 
    144144* Mac OS::              Using Emacs in the Mac. 
    …… 
    12981298@node Copying, GNU Free Documentation License, Service, Top 
    12991299@appendix GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE 
    1300 @center Version 2, June 1991 
    1301  
    1302 @display 
    1303 Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc. 
    1304 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA 
    1305  
    1306 Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies 
    1307 of this license document, but changing it is not allowed. 
    1308 @end display 
    1309  
    1310 @unnumberedsec Preamble 
    1311  
    1312   The licenses for most software are designed to take away your 
    1313 freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public 
    1314 License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free 
    1315 software---to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This 
    1316 General Public License applies to most of the Free Software 
    1317 Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to 
    1318 using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by 
    1319 the GNU Lesser General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to 
    1320 your programs, too. 
    1321  
    1322   When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not 
    1323 price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you 
    1324 have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for 
    1325 this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it 
    1326 if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it 
    1327 in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things. 
    1328  
    1329   To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid 
    1330 anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights. 
    1331 These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you 
    1332 distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it. 
    1333  
    1334   For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether 
    1335 gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that 
    1336 you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the 
    1337 source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their 
    1338 rights. 
    1339  
    1340   We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and 
    1341 (2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy, 
    1342 distribute and/or modify the software. 
    1343  
    1344   Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain 
    1345 that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free 
    1346 software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we 
    1347 want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so 
    1348 that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original 
    1349 authors' reputations. 
    1350  
    1351   Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software 
    1352 patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free 
    1353 program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the 
    1354 program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any 
    1355 patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all. 
    1356  
    1357   The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and 
    1358 modification follow. 
    1359  
    1360 @iftex 
    1361 @unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 
    1362 @end iftex 
    1363 @ifnottex 
    1364 @center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION 
    1365 @end ifnottex 
    1366  
    1367 @enumerate 0 
    1368 @item 
    1369 This License applies to any program or other work which contains 
    1370 a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed 
    1371 under the terms of this General Public License.  The ``Program,'' below, 
    1372 refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program'' 
    1373 means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law: 
    1374 that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it, 
    1375 either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another 
    1376 language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in 
    1377 the term ``modification.'')  Each licensee is addressed as ``you.'' 
    1378  
    1379 Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not 
    1380 covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of 
    1381 running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program 
    1382 is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the 
    1383 Program (independent of having been made by running the Program). 
    1384 Whether that is true depends on what the Program does. 
    1385  
    1386 @item 
    1387 You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's 
    1388 source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you 
    1389 conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate 
    1390 copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the 
    1391 notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty; 
    1392 and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License 
    1393 along with the Program. 
    1394  
    1395 You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and 
    1396 you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee. 
    1397  
    1398 @item 
    1399 You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion 
    1400 of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and 
    1401 distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1 
    1402 above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions: 
    1403  
    1404 @enumerate a 
    1405 @item 
    1406 You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices 
    1407 stating that you changed the files and the date of any change. 
    1408  
    1409 @item 
    1410 You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in 
    1411 whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any 
    1412 part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third 
    1413 parties under the terms of this License. 
    1414  
    1415 @item 
    1416 If the modified program normally reads commands interactively 
    1417 when run, you must cause it, when started running for such 
    1418 interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an 
    1419 announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a 
    1420 notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide 
    1421 a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under 
    1422 these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this 
    1423 License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but 
    1424 does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on 
    1425 the Program is not required to print an announcement.) 
    1426 @end enumerate 
    1427  
    1428 These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If 
    1429 identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program, 
    1430 and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in 
    1431 themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those 
    1432 sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you 
    1433 distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based 
    1434 on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of 
    1435 this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the 
    1436 entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it. 
    1437  
    1438 Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest 
    1439 your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to 
    1440 exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or 
    1441 collective works based on the Program. 
    1442  
    1443 In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program 
    1444 with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of 
    1445 a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under 
    1446 the scope of this License. 
    1447  
    1448 @item 
    1449 You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it, 
    1450 under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of 
    1451 Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following: 
    1452  
    1453 @enumerate a 
    1454 @item 
    1455 Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable 
    1456 source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections 
    1457 1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or, 
    1458  
    1459 @item 
    1460 Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three 
    1461 years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your 
    1462 cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete 
    1463 machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be 
    1464 distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium 
    1465 customarily used for software interchange; or, 
    1466  
    1467 @item 
    1468 Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer 
    1469 to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is 
    1470 allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you 
    1471 received the program in object code or executable form with such 
    1472 an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.) 
    1473 @end enumerate 
    1474  
    1475 The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for 
    1476 making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source 
    1477 code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any 
    1478 associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to 
    1479 control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a 
    1480 special exception, the source code distributed need not include 
    1481 anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary 
    1482 form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the 
    1483 operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component 
    1484 itself accompanies the executable. 
    1485  
    1486 If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering 
    1487 access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent 
    1488 access to copy the source code from the same place counts as 
    1489 distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not 
    1490 compelled to copy the source along with the object code. 
    1491  
    1492 @item 
    1493 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program 
    1494 except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt 
    1495 otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is 
    1496 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. 
    1497 However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under 
    1498 this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such 
    1499 parties remain in full compliance. 
    1500  
    1501 @item 
    1502 You are not required to accept this License, since you have not 
    1503 signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or 
    1504 distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are 
    1505 prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by 
    1506 modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the 
    1507 Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and 
    1508 all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying 
    1509 the Program or works based on it. 
    1510  
    1511 @item 
    1512 Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the 
    1513 Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the 
    1514 original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to 
    1515 these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further 
    1516 restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein. 
    1517 You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to 
    1518 this License. 
    1519  
    1520 @item 
    1521 If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent 
    1522 infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), 
    1523 conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or 
    1524 otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not 
    1525 excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot 
    1526 distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this 
    1527 License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you 
    1528 may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent 
    1529 license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by 
    1530 all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then 
    1531 the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to 
    1532 refrain entirely from distribution of the Program. 
    1533  
    1534 If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under 
    1535 any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to 
    1536 apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other 
    1537 circumstances. 
    1538  
    1539 It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any 
    1540 patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any 
    1541 such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the 
    1542 integrity of the free software distribution system, which is 
    1543 implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made 
    1544 generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed 
    1545 through that system in reliance on consistent application of that 
    1546 system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing 
    1547 to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot 
    1548 impose that choice. 
    1549  
    1550 This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to 
    1551 be a consequence of the rest of this License. 
    1552  
    1553 @item 
    1554 If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in 
    1555 certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the 
    1556 original copyright holder who places the Program under this License 
    1557 may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding 
    1558 those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among 
    1559 countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates 
    1560 the limitation as if written in the body of this License. 
    1561  
    1562 @item 
    1563 The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions 
    1564 of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will 
    1565 be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to 
    1566 address new problems or concerns. 
    1567  
    1568 Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program 
    1569 specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any 
    1570 later version,'' you have the option of following the terms and conditions 
    1571 either of that version or of any later version published by the Free 
    1572 Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of 
    1573 this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software 
    1574 Foundation. 
    1575  
    1576 @item 
    1577 If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free 
    1578 programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author 
    1579 to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free 
    1580 Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes 
    1581 make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals 
    1582 of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and 
    1583 of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally. 
    1584  
    1585 @iftex 
    1586 @heading NO WARRANTY 
    1587 @end iftex 
    1588 @ifnottex 
    1589 @center NO WARRANTY 
    1590 @end ifnottex 
    1591  
    1592 @item 
    1593 BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY 
    1594 FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW@.  EXCEPT WHEN 
    1595 OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES 
    1596 PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED 
    1597 OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF 
    1598 MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS 
    1599 TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU@.  SHOULD THE 
    1600 PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, 
    1601 REPAIR OR CORRECTION. 
    1602  
    1603 @item 
    1604 IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING 
    1605 WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR 
    1606 REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, 
    1607 INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING 
    1608 OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED 
    1609 TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY 
    1610 YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER 
    1611 PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE 
    1612 POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. 
    1613 @end enumerate 
    1614  
    1615 @iftex 
    1616 @heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 
    1617 @end iftex 
    1618 @ifnottex 
    1619 @center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS 
    1620 @end ifnottex 
    1621  
    1622 @page 
    1623 @unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs 
    1624  
    1625   If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest 
    1626 possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it 
    1627 free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms. 
    1628  
    1629   To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest 
    1630 to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively 
    1631 convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least 
    1632 the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found. 
    1633  
    1634 @smallexample 
    1635 @var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.} 
    1636 Copyright (C) @var{yyyy}  @var{name of author} 
    1637  
    1638 This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or 
    1639 modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License 
    1640 as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 
    1641 of the License, or (at your option) any later version. 
    1642  
    1643 This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, 
    1644 but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of 
    1645 MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE@.  See the 
    1646 GNU General Public License for more details. 
    1647  
    1648 You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along 
    1649 with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc., 
    1650 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA  02110-1301, USA. 
    1651 @end smallexample 
    1652  
    1653 Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail. 
    1654  
    1655 If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this 
    1656 when it starts in an interactive mode: 
    1657  
    1658 @smallexample 
    1659 Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) @var{yyyy} @var{name of author} 
    1660 Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details 
    1661 type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome 
    1662 to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c' 
    1663 for details. 
    1664 @end smallexample 
    1665  
    1666 The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show 
    1667 the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the 
    1668 commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and 
    1669 @samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever 
    1670 suits your program. 
    1671  
    1672 You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your 
    1673 school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if 
    1674 necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names: 
    1675  
    1676 @smallexample 
    1677 @group 
    1678 Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright 
    1679 interest in the program `Gnomovision' 
    1680 (which makes passes at compilers) written 
    1681 by James Hacker. 
    1682  
    1683 @var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989 
    1684 Ty Coon, President of Vice 
    1685 @end group 
    1686 @end smallexample 
    1687  
    1688 This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into 
    1689 proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may 
    1690 consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the 
    1691 library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Lesser General 
    1692 Public License instead of this License. 
     1300@include gpl.texi 
    16931301 
    16941302@node GNU Free Documentation License, Emacs Invocation, Copying, Top