root/branches/2.1/info/emacs-1

This is ../info/emacs, produced by makeinfo version 4.3 from emacs.texi.

   This is the Fourteenth edition of the `GNU Emacs Manual', updated
for Emacs version 21.3.

INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* Emacs: (emacs).       The extensible self-documenting text editor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY

   Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place, Suite 330
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Invariant Sections being "The GNU Manifesto", "Distribution" and "GNU
GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE", with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU
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License."

   (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and
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File: emacs,  Node: Top,  Next: Distrib,  Prev: (dir),  Up: (dir)

The Emacs Editor
****************

   Emacs is the extensible, customizable, self-documenting real-time
display editor.  This Info file describes how to edit with Emacs and
some of how to customize it; it corresponds to GNU Emacs version
21.3.

   If you never before used the Info documentation system, type `h',
and Emacs will take you on a guided tour through the Info commands.

   For information on extending Emacs, see *Note Emacs Lisp: (elisp)Top.

* Menu:

* Distrib::             How to get the latest Emacs distribution.
* Copying::             The GNU General Public License gives you permission
                          to redistribute GNU Emacs on certain terms;
                          it also explains that there is no warranty.
* GNU Free Documentation License:: The license for this documentation.
* Intro::               An introduction to Emacs concepts.
* Glossary::            The glossary.
* Antinews::            Information about Emacs version 20.
* Mac OS::              Using Emacs in the Mac.
* MS-DOS::              Using Emacs on MS-DOS (otherwise known as "MS-DOG").
* Manifesto::           What's GNU?  Gnu's Not Unix!
* Acknowledgments::     Major contributors to GNU Emacs.

Indexes (nodes containing large menus)
* Key Index::           An item for each standard Emacs key sequence.
* Command Index::       An item for each command name.
* Variable Index::      An item for each documented variable.
* Concept Index::       An item for each concept.

* Option Index::        An item for every command-line option.

Important General Concepts
* Screen::              How to interpret what you see on the screen.
* User Input::          Kinds of input events (characters, buttons,
                          function keys).
* Keys::                Key sequences: what you type to request one
                          editing action.
* Commands::            Named functions run by key sequences to do editing.
* Text Characters::     Character set for text (the contents of buffers
                          and strings).
* Entering Emacs::      Starting Emacs from the shell.
* Exiting::             Stopping or killing Emacs.
* Command Arguments::   Hairy startup options.

Fundamental Editing Commands
* Basic::               The most basic editing commands.
* Minibuffer::          Entering arguments that are prompted for.
* M-x::                 Invoking commands by their names.
* Help::                Commands for asking Emacs about its commands.

Important Text-Changing Commands
* Mark::                The mark: how to delimit a ``region'' of text.
* Killing::             Killing text.
* Yanking::             Recovering killed text.  Moving text.
* Accumulating Text::   Other ways of copying text.
* Rectangles::          Operating on the text inside a rectangle on the screen.
* Registers::           Saving a text string or a location in the buffer.
* Display::             Controlling what text is displayed.
* Search::              Finding or replacing occurrences of a string.
* Fixit::               Commands especially useful for fixing typos.

Major Structures of Emacs
* Files::               All about handling files.
* Buffers::             Multiple buffers; editing several files at once.
* Windows::             Viewing two pieces of text at once.
* Frames::              Running the same Emacs session in multiple X windows.
* International::       Using non-ASCII character sets (the MULE features).

Advanced Features
* Major Modes::         Text mode vs. Lisp mode vs. C mode ...
* Indentation::         Editing the white space at the beginnings of lines.
* Text::                Commands and modes for editing English.
* Programs::            Commands and modes for editing programs.
* Building::            Compiling, running and debugging programs.
* Maintaining::         Features for maintaining large programs.
* Abbrevs::             How to define text abbreviations to reduce
                          the number of characters you must type.
* Picture::             Editing pictures made up of characters
                          using the quarter-plane screen model.
* Sending Mail::        Sending mail in Emacs.
* Rmail::               Reading mail in Emacs.
* Dired::               You can ``edit'' a directory to manage files in it.
* Calendar/Diary::      The calendar and diary facilities.
* Gnus::                How to read netnews with Emacs.
* Shell::               Executing shell commands from Emacs.
* Emacs Server::        Using Emacs as an editing server for `mail', etc.
* Hardcopy::            Printing buffers or regions.
* PostScript::          Printing buffers or regions as PostScript.
* PostScript Variables::
                        Customizing the PostScript printing commands.
* Sorting::             Sorting lines, paragraphs or pages within Emacs.
* Narrowing::           Restricting display and editing to a portion
                          of the buffer.
* Two-Column::          Splitting apart columns to edit them
                          in side-by-side windows.
* Editing Binary Files::
                        Using Hexl mode to edit binary files.
* Saving Emacs Sessions::
                        Saving Emacs state from one session to the next.
* Recursive Edit::      A command can allow you to do editing
                          "within the command".  This is called a
                          "recursive editing level".
* Emulation::           Emulating some other editors with Emacs.
* Hyperlinking::        Following links in buffers.
* Dissociated Press::   Dissociating text for fun.
* Amusements::          Various games and hacks.
* Customization::       Modifying the behavior of Emacs.

Recovery from Problems
* Quitting::            Quitting and aborting.
* Lossage::             What to do if Emacs is hung or malfunctioning.
* Bugs::                How and when to report a bug.
* Contributing::        How to contribute improvements to Emacs.
* Service::             How to get help for your own Emacs needs.

Here are some other nodes which are really inferiors of the ones
already listed, mentioned here so you can get to them in one step:

 --- The Detailed Node Listing ---

The Organization of the Screen

* Point::               The place in the text where editing commands operate.
* Echo Area::           Short messages appear at the bottom of the screen.
* Mode Line::           Interpreting the mode line.
* Menu Bar::            How to use the menu bar.

Basic Editing Commands

* Inserting Text::      Inserting text by simply typing it.
* Moving Point::        How to move the cursor to the place where you want to
                          change something.
* Erasing::             Deleting and killing text.
* Undo::                Undoing recent changes in the text.
* Files: Basic Files.   Visiting, creating, and saving files.
* Help: Basic Help.     Asking what a character does.
* Blank Lines::         Commands to make or delete blank lines.
* Continuation Lines::  Lines too wide for the screen.
* Position Info::       What page, line, row, or column is point on?
* Arguments::           Numeric arguments for repeating a command.

The Minibuffer

* Minibuffer File::     Entering file names with the minibuffer.
* Minibuffer Edit::     How to edit in the minibuffer.
* Completion::          An abbreviation facility for minibuffer input.
* Minibuffer History::  Reusing recent minibuffer arguments.
* Repetition::          Re-executing commands that used the minibuffer.

Help

* Help Summary::        Brief list of all Help commands.
* Key Help::            Asking what a key does in Emacs.
* Name Help::           Asking about a command, variable or function name.
* Apropos::             Asking what pertains to a given topic.
* Library Keywords::    Finding Lisp libraries by keywords (topics).
* Language Help::       Help relating to international language support.
* Misc Help::           Other help commands.

The Mark and the Region

* Setting Mark::        Commands to set the mark.
* Transient Mark::      How to make Emacs highlight the region--
                          when there is one.
* Using Region::        Summary of ways to operate on contents of the region.
* Marking Objects::     Commands to put region around textual units.
* Mark Ring::           Previous mark positions saved so you can go back there.
* Global Mark Ring::    Previous mark positions in various buffers.

Deletion and Killing

* Deletion::            Commands for deleting small amounts of text and
                          blank areas.
* Killing by Lines::    How to kill entire lines of text at one time.
* Other Kill Commands:: Commands to kill large regions of text and
                          syntactic units such as words and sentences.

Yanking

* Kill Ring::           Where killed text is stored.  Basic yanking.
* Appending Kills::     Several kills in a row all yank together.
* Earlier Kills::       Yanking something killed some time ago.

Registers

* RegPos::              Saving positions in registers.
* RegText::             Saving text in registers.
* RegRect::             Saving rectangles in registers.
* RegConfig::           Saving window configurations in registers.
* RegFiles::            File names in registers.
* Bookmarks::           Bookmarks are like registers, but persistent.

Controlling the Display

* Scrolling::              Moving text up and down in a window.
* Horizontal Scrolling::   Moving text left and right in a window.
* Follow Mode::            Follow mode lets two windows scroll as one.
* Selective Display::      Hiding lines with lots of indentation.
* Optional Mode Line::     Optional mode line display features.
* Text Display::           How text is normally displayed.
* Display Custom::         Information on variables for customizing display.

Searching and Replacement

* Incremental Search::     Search happens as you type the string.
* Nonincremental Search::  Specify entire string and then search.
* Word Search::            Search for sequence of words.
* Regexp Search::          Search for match for a regexp.
* Regexps::                Syntax of regular expressions.
* Search Case::            To ignore case while searching, or not.
* Replace::                Search, and replace some or all matches.
* Other Repeating Search:: Operating on all matches for some regexp.

Replacement Commands

* Unconditional Replace::  Replacing all matches for a string.
* Regexp Replace::         Replacing all matches for a regexp.
* Replacement and Case::   How replacements preserve case of letters.
* Query Replace::          How to use querying.

Commands for Fixing Typos

* Kill Errors::         Commands to kill a batch of recently entered text.
* Transpose::           Exchanging two characters, words, lines, lists...
* Fixing Case::         Correcting case of last word entered.
* Spelling::            Apply spelling checker to a word or a whole buffer.

File Handling

* File Names::          How to type and edit file-name arguments.
* Visiting::            Visiting a file prepares Emacs to edit the file.
* Saving::              Saving makes your changes permanent.
* Reverting::           Reverting cancels all the changes not saved.
* Auto Save::           Auto Save periodically protects against loss of data.
* File Aliases::        Handling multiple names for one file.
* Version Control::     Version control systems (RCS, CVS and SCCS).
* Directories::         Creating, deleting, and listing file directories.
* Comparing Files::     Finding where two files differ.
* Misc File Ops::       Other things you can do on files.
* Compressed Files::    Accessing compressed files.
* Remote Files::        Accessing files on other sites.
* Quoted File Names::   Quoting special characters in file names.

Saving Files

* Backup::              How Emacs saves the old version of your file.
* Interlocking::        How Emacs protects against simultaneous editing
                          of one file by two users.

Version Control

* Introduction to VC::  How version control works in general.
* VC Mode Line::     How the mode line shows version control status.
* Basic VC Editing::    How to edit a file under version control.
* Old Versions::        Examining and comparing old versions.
* Secondary VC Commands::    The commands used a little less frequently.
* Branches::            Multiple lines of development.
* Snapshots::           Sets of file versions treated as a unit.
* Miscellaneous VC::    Various other commands and features of VC.
* Customizing VC::      Variables that change VC's behavior.

Using Multiple Buffers

* Select Buffer::       Creating a new buffer or reselecting an old one.
* List Buffers::        Getting a list of buffers that exist.
* Misc Buffer::         Renaming; changing read-onliness; copying text.
* Kill Buffer::         Killing buffers you no longer need.
* Several Buffers::     How to go through the list of all buffers
                          and operate variously on several of them.
* Indirect Buffers::    An indirect buffer shares the text of another buffer.

Multiple Windows

* Basic Window::        Introduction to Emacs windows.
* Split Window::        New windows are made by splitting existing windows.
* Other Window::        Moving to another window or doing something to it.
* Pop Up Window::       Finding a file or buffer in another window.
* Force Same Window::   Forcing certain buffers to appear in the selected
                          window rather than in another window.
* Change Window::       Deleting windows and changing their sizes.

Frames and X Windows

* Mouse Commands::      Moving, cutting, and pasting, with the mouse.
* Secondary Selection:: Cutting without altering point and mark.
* Clipboard::           Using the clipboard for selections.
* Mouse References::    Using the mouse to select an item from a list.
* Menu Mouse Clicks::   Mouse clicks that bring up menus.
* Mode Line Mouse::     Mouse clicks on the mode line.
* Creating Frames::     Creating additional Emacs frames with various contents.
* Frame Commands::      Iconifying, deleting, and switching frames.
* Speedbar::            How to make and use a speedbar frame.
* Multiple Displays::   How one Emacs job can talk to several displays.
* Special Buffer Frames::  You can make certain buffers have their own frames.
* Frame Parameters::    Changing the colors and other modes of frames.
* Scroll Bars::         How to enable and disable scroll bars; how to use them.
* Wheeled Mice::        Using mouse wheels for scrolling.
* Menu Bars::           Enabling and disabling the menu bar.
* Tool Bars::           Enabling and disabling the tool bar.
* Dialog Boxes::        Controlling use of dialog boxes.
* Faces::               How to change the display style using faces.
* Font Lock::           Minor mode for syntactic highlighting using faces.
* Highlight Changes::   Using colors to show where you changed the buffer.
* Highlight Interactively:: Tell Emacs what text to highlight.
* Trailing Whitespace:: Showing possibly-spurious trailing whitespace.
* Tooltips::            Showing "tooltips", AKA "ballon help" for active text.
* Mouse Avoidance::     Moving the mouse pointer out of the way.
* Non-Window Terminals::  Multiple frames on terminals that show only one.
* XTerm Mouse::         Using the mouse in an XTerm terminal emulator.

International Character Set Support

* International Chars::     Basic concepts of multibyte characters.
* Enabling Multibyte::      Controlling whether to use multibyte characters.
* Language Environments::   Setting things up for the language you use.
* Input Methods::           Entering text characters not on your keyboard.
* Select Input Method::     Specifying your choice of input methods.
* Coding Systems::          Character set conversion when you read and
                              write files, and so on.
* Recognize Coding::        How Emacs figures out which conversion to use.
* Specify Coding::          Various ways to choose which conversion to use.
* Fontsets::                Fontsets are collections of fonts
                              that cover the whole spectrum of characters.
* Defining Fontsets::       Defining a new fontset.
* Single-Byte Character Support::
                            You can pick one European character set
                            to use without multibyte characters.

Major Modes

* Choosing Modes::      How major modes are specified or chosen.

Indentation

* Indentation Commands::  Various commands and techniques for indentation.
* Tab Stops::             You can set arbitrary "tab stops" and then
                            indent to the next tab stop when you want to.
* Just Spaces::           You can request indentation using just spaces.

Commands for Human Languages

* Words::               Moving over and killing words.
* Sentences::           Moving over and killing sentences.
* Paragraphs::          Moving over paragraphs.
* Pages::               Moving over pages.
* Filling::             Filling or justifying text.
* Case::                Changing the case of text.
* Text Mode::           The major modes for editing text files.
* Outline Mode::        Editing outlines.
* TeX Mode::            Editing input to the formatter TeX.
* Nroff Mode::          Editing input to the formatter nroff.
* Formatted Text::      Editing formatted text directly in WYSIWYG fashion.

Filling Text

* Auto Fill::           Auto Fill mode breaks long lines automatically.
* Fill Commands::       Commands to refill paragraphs and center lines.
* Fill Prefix::         Filling paragraphs that are indented
                          or in a comment, etc.
* Adaptive Fill::       How Emacs can determine the fill prefix automatically.

Editing Programs

* Program Modes::       Major modes for editing programs.
* Defuns::              Commands to operate on major top-level parts
                          of a program.
* Program Indent::      Adjusting indentation to show the nesting.
* Comments::            Inserting, killing, and aligning comments.
* Parentheses::         Commands that operate on parentheses.
* Documentation::       Getting documentation of functions you plan to call.
* Hideshow::            Displaying blocks selectively.
* Symbol Completion::   Completion on symbol names of your program or language.
* Glasses::             Making identifiersLikeThis more readable.
* Misc for Programs::   Other Emacs features useful for editing programs.
* C Modes::             Special commands of C, C++, Objective-C,
                          Java, and Pike modes.
* Fortran::             Fortran mode and its special features.
* Asm Mode::            Asm mode and its special features.

Top-Level Definitions, or Defuns

* Left Margin Paren::   An open-paren or similar opening delimiter
                          starts a defun if it is at the left margin.
* Moving by Defuns::    Commands to move over or mark a major definition.
* Imenu::               Making buffer indexes as menus.
* Which Function::      Which Function mode shows which function you are in.

Indentation for Programs

* Basic Indent::        Indenting a single line.
* Multi-line Indent::   Commands to reindent many lines at once.
* Lisp Indent::         Specifying how each Lisp function should be indented.
* C Indent::            Extra features for indenting C and related modes.
* Custom C Indent::     Controlling indentation style for C and related modes.

Commands for Editing with Parentheses

* Expressions::         Expressions with balanced parentheses.
* Moving by Parens::    Commands for moving up, down and across
                          in the structure of parentheses.
* Matching::            Insertion of a close-delimiter flashes matching open.

Manipulating Comments

* Comment Commands::    Inserting, killing, and indenting comments.
* Multi-Line Comments:: Commands for adding and editing multi-line comments.
* Options for Comments::Customizing the comment features.

Documentation Lookup

* Info Lookup::         Looking up library functions and commands
                          in Info files.
* Man Page::            Looking up man pages of library functions and commands.
* Lisp Doc::            Looking up Emacs Lisp functions, etc.

C and Related Modes

* Motion in C::         Commands to move by C statements, etc.
* Electric C::          Colon and other chars can automatically reindent.
* Hungry Delete::       A more powerful DEL command.
* Other C Commands::    Filling comments, viewing expansion of macros,
                          and other neat features.
* Comments in C::       Options for customizing comment style.

Fortran Mode

* Motion: Fortran Motion.        Moving point by statements or subprograms.
* Indent: Fortran Indent.        Indentation commands for Fortran.
* Comments: Fortran Comments.    Inserting and aligning comments.
* Autofill: Fortran Autofill.    Auto fill minor mode for Fortran.
* Columns: Fortran Columns.      Measuring columns for valid Fortran.
* Abbrev: Fortran Abbrev.        Built-in abbrevs for Fortran keywords.

Compiling and Testing Programs

* Compilation::         Compiling programs in languages other
                          than Lisp (C, Pascal, etc.).
* Compilation Mode::    The mode for visiting compiler errors.
* Compilation Shell::   Customizing your shell properly
                          for use in the compilation buffer.
* Debuggers::           Running symbolic debuggers for non-Lisp programs.
* Executing Lisp::      Various modes for editing Lisp programs,
                          with different facilities for running
                          the Lisp programs.
* Lisp Libraries::      Creating Lisp programs to run in Emacs.
* Lisp Interaction::    Executing Lisp in an Emacs buffer.
* Lisp Eval::           Executing a single Lisp expression in Emacs.
* External Lisp::       Communicating through Emacs with a separate Lisp.

Running Debuggers Under Emacs

* Starting GUD::        How to start a debugger subprocess.
* Debugger Operation::  Connection between the debugger and source buffers.
* Commands of GUD::     Key bindings for common commands.
* GUD Customization::   Defining your own commands for GUD.

Maintaining Programs

* Change Log::          Maintaining a change history for your program.
* Tags::                Go direct to any function in your program in one
                          command.  Tags remembers which file it is in.
* Emerge::              A convenient way of merging two versions of a program.

Tags Tables

* Tag Syntax::          Tag syntax for various types of code and text files.
* Create Tags Table::   Creating a tags table with `etags'.
* Select Tags Table::   How to visit a tags table.
* Find Tag::            Commands to find the definition of a specific tag.
* Tags Search::         Using a tags table for searching and replacing.
* List Tags::           Listing and finding tags defined in a file.

Merging Files with Emerge

* Overview of Emerge::  How to start Emerge.  Basic concepts.
* Submodes of Emerge::  Fast mode vs. Edit mode.
                          Skip Prefers mode and Auto Advance mode.
* State of Difference:: You do the merge by specifying state A or B
                          for each difference.
* Merge Commands::      Commands for selecting a difference,
                          changing states of differences, etc.
* Exiting Emerge::      What to do when you've finished the merge.
* Combining in Emerge::     How to keep both alternatives for a difference.
* Fine Points of Emerge::   Misc.

Abbrevs

* Abbrev Concepts::     Fundamentals of defined abbrevs.
* Defining Abbrevs::    Defining an abbrev, so it will expand when typed.
* Expanding Abbrevs::   Controlling expansion: prefixes, canceling expansion.
* Editing Abbrevs::     Viewing or editing the entire list of defined abbrevs.
* Saving Abbrevs::      Saving the entire list of abbrevs for another session.
* Dynamic Abbrevs::     Abbreviations for words already in the buffer.

Editing Pictures

* Basic Picture::       Basic concepts and simple commands of Picture Mode.
* Insert in Picture::   Controlling direction of cursor motion
                          after "self-inserting" characters.
* Tabs in Picture::     Various features for tab stops and indentation.
* Rectangles in Picture:: Clearing and superimposing rectangles.

Sending Mail

* Mail Format::         Format of the mail being composed.
* Mail Headers::        Details of permitted mail header fields.
* Mail Aliases::        Abbreviating and grouping mail addresses.
* Mail Mode::           Special commands for editing mail being composed.
* Mail Amusements::     Distract the NSA's attention; add a fortune to a msg.
* Mail Methods::        Using alternative mail-composition methods.

Reading Mail with Rmail

* Rmail Basics::        Basic concepts of Rmail, and simple use.
* Rmail Scrolling::     Scrolling through a message.
* Rmail Motion::        Moving to another message.
* Rmail Deletion::      Deleting and expunging messages.
* Rmail Inbox::         How mail gets into the Rmail file.
* Rmail Files::         Using multiple Rmail files.
* Rmail Output::        Copying message out to files.
* Rmail Labels::        Classifying messages by labeling them.
* Rmail Attributes::    Certain standard labels, called attributes.
* Rmail Reply::         Sending replies to messages you are viewing.
* Rmail Summary::       Summaries show brief info on many messages.
* Rmail Sorting::       Sorting messages in Rmail.
* Rmail Display::       How Rmail displays a message; customization.
* Rmail Editing::       Editing message text and headers in Rmail.
* Rmail Digest::        Extracting the messages from a digest message.
* Out of Rmail::        Converting an Rmail file to mailbox format.
* Rmail Rot13::         Reading messages encoded in the rot13 code.
* Movemail::            More details of fetching new mail.

Dired, the Directory Editor

* Dired Enter::              How to invoke Dired.
* Dired Navigation::         How to move in the Dired buffer.
* Dired Deletion::           Deleting files with Dired.
* Flagging Many Files::      Flagging files based on their names.
* Dired Visiting::           Other file operations through Dired.
* Marks vs Flags::           Flagging for deletion vs marking.
* Operating on Files::       How to copy, rename, print, compress, etc.
                               either one file or several files.
* Shell Commands in Dired::  Running a shell command on the marked files.
* Transforming File Names::  Using patterns to rename multiple files.
* Comparison in Dired::      Running `diff' by way of Dired.
* Subdirectories in Dired::  Adding subdirectories to the Dired buffer.
* Subdirectory Motion::      Moving across subdirectories, and up and down.
* Hiding Subdirectories::    Making subdirectories visible or invisible.
* Dired Updating::           Discarding lines for files of no interest.
* Dired and Find::           Using `find' to choose the files for Dired.

The Calendar and the Diary

* Calendar Motion::     Moving through the calendar; selecting a date.
* Scroll Calendar::     Bringing earlier or later months onto the screen.
* Counting Days::       How many days are there between two dates?
* General Calendar::    Exiting or recomputing the calendar.
* LaTeX Calendar::        Print a calendar using LaTeX.
* Holidays::            Displaying dates of holidays.
* Sunrise/Sunset::      Displaying local times of sunrise and sunset.
* Lunar Phases::        Displaying phases of the moon.
* Other Calendars::     Converting dates to other calendar systems.
* Diary::               Displaying events from your diary.
* Appointments::        Reminders when it's time to do something.
* Daylight Savings::    How to specify when daylight savings time is active.

Movement in the Calendar

* Calendar Unit Motion::      Moving by days, weeks, months, and years.
* Move to Beginning or End::  Moving to start/end of weeks, months, and years.
* Specified Dates::           Moving to the current date or another
                                specific date.

Conversion To and From Other Calendars

* Calendar Systems::       The calendars Emacs understands
                             (aside from Gregorian).
* To Other Calendar::      Converting the selected date to various calendars.
* From Other Calendar::    Moving to a date specified in another calendar.
* Mayan Calendar::         Moving to a date specified in a Mayan calendar.

The Diary

* Diary Commands::         Viewing diary entries and associated calendar dates.
* Format of Diary File::   Entering events in your diary.
* Date Formats::           Various ways you can specify dates.
* Adding to Diary::        Commands to create diary entries.
* Special Diary Entries::  Anniversaries, blocks of dates, cyclic entries, etc.

GNUS

* Buffers of Gnus::     The group, summary, and article buffers.
* Gnus Startup::        What you should know about starting Gnus.
* Summary of Gnus::     A short description of the basic Gnus commands.

Running Shell Commands from Emacs

* Single Shell::        How to run one shell command and return.
* Interactive Shell::   Permanent shell taking input via Emacs.
* Shell Mode::          Special Emacs commands used with permanent shell.
* Shell History::       Repeating previous commands in a shell buffer.
* Shell Options::       Options for customizing Shell mode.
* Remote Host::         Connecting to another computer.

Customization

* Minor Modes::         Each minor mode is one feature you can turn on
                          independently of any others.
* Variables::           Many Emacs commands examine Emacs variables
                          to decide what to do; by setting variables,
                          you can control their functioning.
* Keyboard Macros::     A keyboard macro records a sequence of
                          keystrokes to be replayed with a single command.
* Key Bindings::        The keymaps say what command each key runs.
                          By changing them, you can "redefine keys".
* Keyboard Translations::
                        If your keyboard passes an undesired code
                           for a key, you can tell Emacs to
                           substitute another code.
* Syntax::              The syntax table controls how words and
                           expressions are parsed.
* Init File::           How to write common customizations in the
                          `.emacs' file.

Variables

* Examining::           Examining or setting one variable's value.
* Easy Customization::
                        Convenient and easy customization of variables.
* Hooks::               Hook variables let you specify programs for parts
                          of Emacs to run on particular occasions.
* Locals::              Per-buffer values of variables.
* File Variables::      How files can specify variable values.

Keyboard Macros

* Basic Kbd Macro::     Defining and running keyboard macros.
* Save Kbd Macro::      Giving keyboard macros names; saving them in files.
* Kbd Macro Query::     Making keyboard macros do different things each time.

Customizing Key Bindings

* Keymaps::             Generalities.  The global keymap.
* Prefix Keymaps::      Keymaps for prefix keys.
* Local Keymaps::       Major and minor modes have their own keymaps.
* Minibuffer Maps::     The minibuffer uses its own local keymaps.
* Rebinding::           How to redefine one key's meaning conveniently.
* Init Rebinding::      Rebinding keys with your init file, `.emacs'.
* Function Keys::       Rebinding terminal function keys.
* Named ASCII Chars::   Distinguishing <TAB> from C-i, and so on.
* Mouse Buttons::       Rebinding mouse buttons in Emacs.
* Disabling::           Disabling a command means confirmation is required
                          before it can be executed.  This is done to protect
                          beginners from surprises.

The Init File, `~/.emacs'

* Init Syntax::         Syntax of constants in Emacs Lisp.
* Init Examples::       How to do some things with an init file.
* Terminal Init::       Each terminal type can have an init file.
* Find Init::           How Emacs finds the init file.

Dealing with Emacs Trouble

* DEL Does Not Delete:: What to do if <DEL> doesn't delete.
* Stuck Recursive::     `[...]' in mode line around the parentheses.
* Screen Garbled::      Garbage on the screen.
* Text Garbled::        Garbage in the text.
* Unasked-for Search::  Spontaneous entry to incremental search.
* Memory Full::         How to cope when you run out of memory.
* Emergency Escape::    Emergency escape---
                          What to do if Emacs stops responding.
* Total Frustration::   When you are at your wits' end.

Reporting Bugs

* Criteria:  Bug Criteria.       Have you really found a bug?
* Understanding Bug Reporting::  How to report a bug effectively.
* Checklist::                    Steps to follow for a good bug report.
* Sending Patches::              How to send a patch for GNU Emacs.

Command Line Options and Arguments

* Action Arguments::    Arguments to visit files, load libraries,
                          and call functions.
* Initial Options::     Arguments that take effect while starting Emacs.
* Command Example::     Examples of using command line arguments.
* Resume Arguments::    Specifying arguments when you resume a running Emacs.
* Environment::         Environment variables that Emacs uses.

* Display X::           Changing the default display and using remote login.
* Font X::              Choosing a font for text, under X.
* Colors X::            Choosing colors, under X.
* Window Size X::       Start-up window size, under X.
* Borders X::           Internal and external borders, under X.
* Title X::             Specifying the initial frame's title.
* Icons X::             Choosing what sort of icon to use, under X.
* Resources X::         Advanced use of classes and resources, under X.
* Lucid Resources::     X resources for Lucid menus.
* LessTif Resources::   X resources for LessTif and Motif menus.

Environment Variables

* General Variables::   Environment variables that all versions of Emacs use.
* Misc Variables::      Certain system specific variables.

MS-DOS and Windows 95/98/NT

* MS-DOS Input::        Keyboard and mouse usage on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Display::      Fonts, frames and display size on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS File Names::   File-name conventions on MS-DOS.
* Text and Binary::     Text files on MS-DOS use CRLF to separate lines.
* MS-DOS Printing::     How to specify the printer on MS-DOS.
* MS-DOS Processes::    Running subprocesses on MS-DOS.
* Windows Processes::   Running subprocesses on Windows.
* Windows System Menu:: Controlling what the ALT key does.


File: emacs,  Node: Distrib,  Next: Copying,  Prev: Top,  Up: Top

Distribution
************

   GNU Emacs is "free software"; this means that everyone is free to
use it and free to redistribute it on certain conditions.  GNU Emacs is
not in the public domain; it is copyrighted and there are restrictions
on its distribution, but these restrictions are designed to permit
everything that a good cooperating citizen would want to do.  What is
not allowed is to try to prevent others from further sharing any version
of GNU Emacs that they might get from you.  The precise conditions are
found in the GNU General Public License that comes with Emacs and also
appears following this section.

   One way to get a copy of GNU Emacs is from someone else who has it.
You need not ask for our permission to do so, or tell any one else; just
copy it.  If you have access to the Internet, you can get the latest
distribution version of GNU Emacs by anonymous FTP; see the file
`etc/FTP' in the Emacs distribution for more information.

   You may also receive GNU Emacs when you buy a computer.  Computer
manufacturers are free to distribute copies on the same terms that
apply to everyone else.  These terms require them to give you the full
sources, including whatever changes they may have made, and to permit
you to redistribute the GNU Emacs received from them under the usual
terms of the General Public License.  In other words, the program must
be free for you when you get it, not just free for the manufacturer.

   You can also order copies of GNU Emacs from the Free Software
Foundation on CD-ROM.  This is a convenient and reliable way to get a
copy; it is also a good way to help fund our work.  (The Foundation has
always received most of its funds in this way.)  An order form is
included in the file `etc/ORDERS' in the Emacs distribution, and on our
web site in <http://www.gnu.org/order/order.html>.  For further
information, write to

     Free Software Foundation
     59 Temple Place, Suite 330
     Boston, MA  02111-1307 USA
     USA

   The income from distribution fees goes to support the foundation's
purpose: the development of new free software, and improvements to our
existing programs including GNU Emacs.

   If you find GNU Emacs useful, please *send a donation* to the Free
Software Foundation to support our work.  Donations to the Free
Software Foundation are tax deductible in the US.  If you use GNU Emacs
at your workplace, please suggest that the company make a donation.  If
company policy is unsympathetic to the idea of donating to charity, you
might instead suggest ordering a CD-ROM from the Foundation
occasionally, or subscribing to periodic updates.